Effect of Systematic Graded Rewarming Pattern on All-Cause Mortality of Hypothermic Trauma Patients in Different Time Periods / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the effect of systematic graded rewarming pattern on all-cause mortality of hypothermic trauma patients in different time periods. Methods A prospective case-control study was carried out for 236 hypothermic trauma patients with modified trauma score<12 in the Emergency Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 2020 to December 2021.The patients were randomly assigned into a systematic graded rewarming group (n=118) and a traditional rewarming group (n=118).The main outcome event was all-cause death within 15 days after trauma,and the secondary outcome event was all-cause death within 3,7,and 30 days after trauma. Results Overall,13.98%(33/236) and 14.83%(35/236) of the patients died within 15 and 30 days after trauma,respectively,and the median survival time of all dead patients was 6 (4,10) days.The systematic graded rewarming group had higher temperature after rewarming for 2 h (P=0.001) and larger temperature change after rewarming intervention (P=0.047) than the traditional rewarming group.The all-cause mortality within 15 days (27.3%vs.72.7%,P=0.005) and 30 days (25.7%vs.74.3%,P=0.002) in the systematic graded rewarming group was lower than that in the traditional rewarming group.Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the survival time of the patients in the systematic graded rewarming group was longer than that in the traditional rewarming group (P=0.003).Multivariate cox regression analysis indicated that systematic graded rewarming was a strong protective factor for survival time after trauma (HR=0.450, P=0.042).Further Logistic regression analysis for the occurrence of all-cause death in each time period showed that the OR of systematic graded rewarming pattern to all-cause death within 15 days and 30 days after trauma were 0.289 and 0.286,respectively,after adjusting the covariates(P=0.008,P=0.005).The temperature after rewarming for 2 h had a negative correlation with all-cause mortality within 30 days after trauma (OR=0.670, P=0.049). Conclusions Systematic graded rewarming is a protective factor for the survival time of patients with traumatic hypothermia and an independent factor affecting the risk of all-cause death within 15 days and 30 days after trauma.The temperature after rewarming for 2 h is expected to be an independent predictor of all-cause mortality of 30 days after trauma in the patients with hypothermia.The systematic graded rewarming pattern could reduce the mortality of hypothermic trauma patients.

Clinical efficacy of mild therapeutic hypothermia with different rewarming time on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a prospective randomized controlled study / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the clinical efficacy of mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) with different rewarming time on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).@*METHODS@#A prospective study was performed on 101 neonates with HIE who were born and received MTH in Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, from January 2018 to January 2022. These neonates were randomly divided into two groups: MTH1 group (n=50; rewarming for 10 hours at a rate of 0.25°C/h) and MTH2 group (n=51; rewarming for 25 hours at a rate of 0.10°C/h). The clinical features and the clinical efficacy were compared between the two groups. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors influencing the occurrence of normal sleep-wake cycle (SWC) on amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) at 25 hours of rewarming.@*RESULTS@#There were no significant differences between the MTH1 and MTH2 groups in gestational age, 5-minute Apgar score, and proportion of neonates with moderate/severe HIE (P>0.05). Compared with the MTH2 group, the MTH1 group tended to have a normal arterial blood pH value at the end of rewarming, a significantly shorter duration of oxygen dependence, a significantly higher proportion of neonates with normal SWC on aEEG at 10 and 25 hours of rewarming, and a significantly higher Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment score on days 5, 12, and 28 after birth (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the incidence rate of rewarming-related seizures between the two groups (P>0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the incidence rate of neurological disability at 6 months of age and the score of Bayley Scale of Infant Development at 3 and 6 months of age (P>0.05). The binary logistic regression analysis showed that prolonged rewarming time (25 hours) was not conducive to the occurrence of normal SWC (OR=3.423, 95%CI: 1.237-9.469, P=0.018).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Rewarming for 10 hours has a better short-term clinical efficacy than rewarming for 25 hours. Prolonging rewarming time has limited clinical benefits on neonates with moderate/severe HIE and is not conducive to the occurrence of normal SWC, and therefore, it is not recommended as a routine treatment method.

The effect of prophylactic rewarming on postoperative nausea and vomiting among patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy: a prospective randomized clinical study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common complication from general anesthesia that impacts on postoperative recovery. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prophylactic rewarming following general anesthesia, so as to decrease the incidence of PONV among patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective randomized clinical study at a hospital in China. METHODS: Sixty-two patients were randomly assigned into two groups. The forced air warming (FAW) group received pre-warmed Ringer's solution with FAW until the end of surgery. The control group received Ringer's solution without FAW. The pre-warmed Ringer's solution was stored in a cabinet set at 40 °C. The FAW tube was placed beside the patient's shoulder with a temperature of 43 °C. RESULTS: Sixty patients completed the study. The FAW group showed significant differences versus the controls regarding temperature. At 6, 24 and 48 hours postoperatively, the incidences of PONV were 53.3%, 6.7% and 3.3% in the FAW group versus 63.3%, 30% and 3.3% in the controls. VAS scores were significantly lower in the FAW group than in the controls at 24 hours (P= 0.035). Forty-item questionnaire total scores in the FAW group were significantly higher than in the controls. The physical independence and pain scores at 24 hours and emotional support and pain scores at 48 hours in the FAW group were higher than in the controls (P < 0.05). There was no difference in hemodynamics or demographics between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic rewarming relieved PONV and improved the quality of postoperative recovery. CHINESE CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTER (ChiCTR): ChiCTR-IOR-17012901.

Pilot study on a rewarming rate of 0.15°C/hr versus 0.25°C/hr and outcomes in post cardiac arrest patients

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic changes may occur during the rewarming phase of targeted temperature management in post cardiac arrest patients. Yet, studies on different rewarming rates and patient outcomes are limited. This study aimed to investigate post cardiac arrest patients who were rewarmed with different rewarming rates after 24 hours of hypothermia and the association of these rates to the neurologic outcomes.METHODS: This study retrospectively investigated post cardiac arrest patients treated with targeted temperature management and rewarmed with rewarming rates of 0.15°C/hr and 0.25°C/hr. The association of the rewarming rate with poor neurologic outcomes (cerebral performance category score, 3 to 5) was investigated.RESULTS: A total of 71 patients were analyzed (0.15°C/hr, n=36; 0.25°C/hr, n=35). In the comparison between 0.15°C/hr and 0.25°C/hr, the poor neurologic outcome did not significantly differ (24 [66.7%] vs. 25 [71.4%], respectively; P=0.66). In the multivariate analysis, the rewarming rate of 0.15°C/hr was not associated with the 1-month neurologic outcome improvement (odds ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.16 to 1.69; P=0.28).CONCLUSION: The rewarming rates of 0.15°C/hr and 0.25°C/hr were not associated with the neurologic outcome difference in post cardiac arrest patients.

Feasibility and Safety of Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia in Poor-Grade Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Prospective Pilot Study

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) improves the neurological outcome in patients after cardiac arrest and neonatal hypoxic brain injury. We studied the safety and feasibility of mild TH in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) after successful treatment. Patients were allocated randomly to either the TH group (34.5°C) or control group after successful clipping or coil embolization. Eleven patients received TH for 48 hours followed by 48 hours of slow rewarming. Vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), functional outcome, mortality, and safety profiles were compared between groups. We enrolled 22 patients with poor-grade SAH (Hunt & Hess Scale 4, 5 and modified Fisher Scale 3, 4). In the TH group, 10 of 11 (90.9%) patients had a core body temperature of 95% of the 48-hour treatment period. Fewer patients in the TH than control group (n = 11, each) had symptomatic vasospasms (18.1% vs. 36.4%, respectively) and DCI (36.3% vs. 45.6%, respectively), but these differences were not statistically significant. At 3 months, 54.5% of the TH group had a good-to-moderate functional outcome (0–3 on the modified Rankin Scale [mRS]) compared with 9.0% in the control group (P = 0.089). Mortality at 1 month was 36.3% in the control group compared with 0.0% in the TH group (P = 0.090). Mild TH is feasible and can be safely used in patients with poor-grade SAH. Additionally, it may reduce the risk of vasospasm and DCI, improving the functional outcomes and reducing mortality. A larger randomized controlled trial is warranted.

Perioperative warming with a thermal gown prevents maternal temperature loss during elective cesarean section. A randomized clinical trial / O aquecimento no perioperatório com avental cirúrgico térmico impede a perda de temperatura materna durante a cesariana eletiva. Estudo clínico randômico

Abstract Background and objectives: Decrease in body temperature is common during general and regional anesthesia. Forced-air warming intraoperative during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia seems not able to prevent it. The hypothesis considers that active warming before the intraoperative period avoids temperature loss during cesarean. Methods: Forty healthy pregnant patients undergoing elective cesarean section with spinal anesthesia received active warming from a thermal gown in the preoperative care unit 30 min before spinal anesthesia and during surgery (Go, n = 20), or no active warming at any time (Ct, n = 20). After induction of spinal anesthesia, the thermal gown was replaced over the chest and upper limbs and maintained throughout study. Room temperature, hemoglobin saturation, heart rate, arterial pressure, and tympanic body temperature were registered 30 min before (baseline) spinal anesthesia, right after it (time zero) and every 15 min thereafter. Results: There was no difference for temperature at baseline, but they were significant throughout the study (p < 0.0001; repeated measure ANCOVA). Tympanic temperature baseline was 36.6 ± 0.3 °C, measured 36.5 ± 0.3 °C at time zero and reached 36.1 ± 0.2 °C for gown group, while control group had baseline temperature of 36.4 ± 0.4 °C, measured 36.3 ± 0.3 °C at time zero and reached 35.4 ± 0.4 °C (F = 32.53; 95% CI 0.45-0.86; p < 0.001). Hemodynamics did not differ throughout the study for both groups of patients. Conclusion: Active warming 30 min before spinal anesthesia and during surgery prevented a fall in body temperature in full-term pregnant women during elective cesarean delivery.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A redução da temperatura corporal é comum durante a anestesia tanto geral quanto regional. O sistema de ar forçado aquecido no intraoperatório durante a cesariana sob anestesia peridural não parece conseguir impedi-la. A hipótese considera que o aquecimento ativo antes do período intraoperatório evita a perda de temperatura durante a cesariana. Métodos: Quarenta pacientes grávidas, saudáveis, submetidas à cesariana eletiva com anestesia espinal receberam aquecimento ativo de um avental térmico na unidade de cuidados pré-operatórios 30 minutos antes da anestesia e durante a cirurgia (Go, n = 20) ou nenhum aquecimento ativo a qualquer momento (Ct, n = 20). Após a indução da anestesia espinhal, o avental térmico foi colocado sobre o tórax e os membros superiores e mantido durante o estudo. Temperatura ambiente, saturação de hemoglobina, frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial e temperatura corporal timpânica foram registradas 30 minutos antes (fase basal) da anestesia espinhal, logo após a anestesia (tempo zero) e a cada 15 minutos subsequentemente. Resultados: Não houve diferença de temperatura na fase basal, mas as diferenças foram significativas ao longo do estudo (p < 0,0001; Ancova de medida repetida). A temperatura timpânica na fase basal foi de 36,6 ± 0,3 °C, mediu 36,5 ± 0,3 °C no tempo zero e atingiu 36,1 ± 0,2 °C no grupo avental, enquanto a temperatura basal do grupo controle foi de 36,4 ± 0,4 °C, mediu 36,3 ± 0,3 °C no tempo zero e atingiu 35,4 ± 0,4 °C (F = 32,53; IC de 95% 0,45-0,86, p < 0,001). A hemodinâmica não diferiu ao longo do estudo em ambos os grupos de pacientes. Conclusão: O aquecimento ativo 30 minutos antes da anestesia espinhal e durante a cirurgia evitou a queda da temperatura corporal em mulheres grávidas a termo durante a cesariana eletiva.

Evaluación de la incidencia de temblores en la sala de recuperación postanestésica / Evaluation of the incidence trembling in the recovery room postanesthtic / Avaliação da incidência de tremores na sala de recuperação posanestesica

Los temblores son una complicación frecuente, desagradable y que pueden relacionarse a un aumento de la morbilidad del período postoperatorio. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de presentación de temblores en el postoperatorio inmediato. Pacientes y métodos: Se estudiaron 119 pacientes adultos, operados de coordinación una vez que ingresaron a la Sala de Recuperación Postanestésica (SRPA). Se consignó la presencia y severidad (grado I a IV) de temblores al ingreso y luego cada 15 minutos. Se trataron mediante medidas de recalentamiento externo, ondansetrón y meperidina, de manera escalonada cada 15 minutos. Resultados: hubo 24 (21.2 %) pacientes con temblores postoperatorios, 17/24 (71%) asociados a hipotermia. En 8 (33,3%) pacientes el temblor fue grado I, en 2 (8,3%) fueron grado II, y en 14 (58,3%) fueron grado III. En todos los casos cedieron con el tratamiento pautado y no más allá de los 45 minutos. Conclusiones: Los temblores fueron una complicación frecuente en la SRPA, asociados a hipotermia en la mayor parte de los casos, pero de duración limitada, y fácilmente tratables.

Trembling are frequent, unpleasant complication and can relate to increased morbidity postoperative period. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of occurrence of earthquakes in the immediate postoperative period. Patients and Methods: 119 adult patients operated coordination once entered the recovery room (PACU) were studied. the presence and severity (grade I to IV) of tremors at admission and then every 15 minutes was recorded. They were treated by external measures, ondansetron and meperidine overheating, staggered every 15 minutes. Avaliação da incidência de tremores na sala de recuperação posanestesica.

Tremores é uma complicação freqüente, desagradável e que pode relacionar-se a um aumento da morbilidade do período posoperatorio. O propósito deste estudo foi determinar a freqüência de manifestação de tremores no posoperatorio imediato. Pacientes e métodos: Estudaram-se 119 pacientes adultos, de cirurgias eletivas que chegaram à Sala de Recuperação Posanestesica (SRPA). Registraram-se a presença e severidade (grado I a IV) de tremores ao ingresso e cada 15 minutos. O tratamento foi: medidas de aquecimento externo, ondansetron e meperidina de maneira alternativa cada 15 minutos. Resultados. Teve 24 (21.2%) de pacientes com tremores posoperatorio, 17/24 (71%) associados à hipotermia. Em 8 (33,3%) pacientes o tremor foi grado I, em 2 (8,3%) foi grado II, em 14 (58,3%) grado III. Todos os casos acalmaram com o tratamento pautado nos primeiros 45 minutos. Conclusões. Os tremores foram uma complicação freqüente em SRPA, associado à hipotermia na maioria dos casos, com duração limitada e de fácil tratamento.

Vasopressor requirement during targeted temperature management for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest caused by acute myocardial infarction without cardiogenic shock

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) due to an acute myocardial infarction without cardiogenic shock required higher doses of vasopressors with low targeted temperature management (TTM) after return of spontaneous circulation. METHODS: We included consecutive comatose patients resuscitated from OHCA between January 2011 and December 2013. Patients with return of spontaneous circulation, regional wall motion abnormality on echocardiography, and coronary artery stenosis of ≥70% on percutaneous coronary artery angiography were enrolled. These patients received 36°C TTM or 33°C TTM following approval of TTM by patients’ next-of-kin (36°C and 33°C TTM groups, respectively). The cumulative vasopressor index was compared between groups. RESULTS: During induction phase, dose of vasopressors did not differ between groups. In the maintenance phase, the norepinephrine dose was 0.37±0.57 and 0.26±0.91 µg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ in the 33°C and 36°C TTM groups, respectively (P<0.01). During the rewarming phase, the norepinephrine and dopamine doses were 0.49±0.60 and 9.67±9.60 mcg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ in the 33°C TTM group and 0.14±0.46 and 3.13±7.19 mcg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ in the 36°C TTM group, respectively (P<0.01). The median cumulative vasopressor index was 8 (interquartile range, 3 to 8) and 4 (interquartile range, 0 to 8) in the 33°C and 36°C TTM groups, respectively (P=0.03). CONCLUSION: In this study, patients with OHCA due to acute myocardial infarction without cardiogenic shock had an elevated vasopressor requirement with 33°C TTM compared to 36°C TTM during the maintenance and rewarming phases.

Changes in Inflammatory Cytokines during Rewarming Period of Therapeutic Hypothermia for Post-Cardiac Arrest Patients

PURPOSE: Therapeutic hypothermia is an important treatment strategy for control of the overwhelming inflammatory reactions of cardiac arrest patients. Rapid rewarming is related to poor outcome, however the kinds of inflammatory processes that occur during the rewarming period are not well understood. Our aim in the current study was to evaluate the changes in inflammatory cytokine levels during cardiac arrest patients' rewarming period. METHODS: This study was conducted in an emergency intensive care unit of a tertiary referral hospital. Blood samples were collected on admission (0 h) and 24, 26, 28, and 32 h after return of spontaneous circulation. Eight inflammatory cytokines (E-selectin, soluble ICAM, interleukin-10, interleukin-1ra, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were measured. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients were enrolled and completed a protocol of 24 h hypothermia and 8h rewarming. Eight patients were of the good cerebral performance category (CPC) and 20 of the bad. The IL-1Ra level in the good CPC group was statistically changed at 26 (p=0.039) and 28 (p=0.003) but not at 32 h (p=0.632) when compared with the 24 h level. The IL-10 levels of the bad CPC group were decreased at 26 (p=0.017) and 28h (p=0.013) but not at 32 h (p=0.074) when compared with 24 h. None of the other cytokines showed meaningful differences during the rewarming period. CONCLUSION: Change in inflammatory-cytokine-level change during the rewarming period is not significant.

Comparative effects of propofol and nitroglycerine on efficacy of rewarming in patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

Objectives: To compare the effects of propofol and nitroglycerine (NTG) on the efficacy of rewarming, extra volume added during cardiopulmonary bypass and extravascular lung water (EVLW) in patients undergoing on‑pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Materials and Methods: A prospective, randomized, blinded trial, twenty adult patients were randomly assigned to receive either NTG infusion (NTG group) or propofol infusion (propofol group) during rewarming. Results: After drop in temperature at the end of surgery and till 24 h were significantly less in propofol group compare to NTG group (P < 0.025). Extra volume added during cardiopulmonary bypass and net crystalloid balance till 24 h was less in the propofol group (P < 0.003). There was no difference in EVLW and postoperative outcome. Conclusions: Propofol use during moderate hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with less after drop in temperature and less requirement of extra fluid during the perioperative period.

Effects of Methylprednisolone on Neuroprotective Effects of Delay Hypothermia on Spinal Cord Injury in Rat

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of delayed hypothermia on spinal cord injuries in rats. In addition, the effect of methylprednisolone on therapeutic window of hypothermia was evaluated. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Several studies have demonstrated that early hypothermia is the most effective neuroprotective modality. However, delayed hypothermia seems to be more practical for patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries. A combination of hypothermia and other neuroprotective methods, such as using methylprednisolone, may help extend the therapeutic window of hypothermia. METHODS: One hundred and twenty male rats were categorized into six groups. The rats in five groups were subjected to spinal cord injury using the weight drop method, followed by treatment, consisting of early hypothermia, late hypothermia, late hypothermia plus methylprednisolone, or methylprednisolone only. Biochemical tests including catalase, malondialdehyde, and superoxide level were evaluated in the injured spinal cord. Behavioral functions of the hind limb were evaluated by Basso-Battle-Bresnaham locomotor rating scale and tail-flick tests. RESULTS: Functional and biochemical evaluation showed both early and late hypothermia had significant neuroprotective effects. The treated groups did not differ significantly from one another in the behavioral tests. Hypothermia had better biochemical results compared to methylprednisolone. Also, methylprednisolone was shown to extend the therapeutic window of delayed hypothermia. CONCLUSIONS: Hypothermia showed a significant neuroprotective effect, which can be improved with further studies optimizing the duration of hypothermia and the rewarming period. Moreover, the therapeutic effect of the delayed hypothermia can be extended by methylprednisolone.

Effect of slow versus rapid rewarming on jugular bulb oxygen saturation in adult patients undergoing open heart surgery

A debate has appeared in the recent literature about the optimum rewarming strategy [slow vs. rapid] for the best brain function. This study was designed to compare the effect of slow versus rapid rewarming on jugular bulb oxygen saturation [SjO2] in adult patients undergoing open heart surgery. A total of 80 patients undergoing valve and adult congenital heart surgery were randomly allocated equally to rapid rewarming group 0.5 [0.136] [degree]C/min and slow rewarming group 0.219 [0.055][degree]C/min in jugular bulb sampling was taken before, during and after surgery. Surgery was done at cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB] temperature of 28-30[degree]C and rewarming was performed at the end of the surgical procedure. CPB time, rewarming period were significantly longer in the slow rewarming group. Significant difference was observed in the number of the desaturated patients [SjO[2]

Outcome and Current Status of Therapeutic Hypothermia Following Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest in Korea from the Korea Hypothermia Network Registry

PURPOSE: Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has become a standard strategy for reducing brain damage in the postresuscitation period. The aim of this study is to investigate the outcomes and current performance of TH with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survivors through the Korean hypothermia network (KORHN) registry. METHODS: We used the KORHN registry, a web-based, multicenter registry that includes 24 participating hospitals throughout the Republic of Korea. Adult comatose OHCA survivors treated with TH from 2007 to 2012 were included. The primary outcomes were neurologic outcome at hospital discharge and in-hospital mortality. The secondary outcomes were TH performance and adverse events during TH. RESULTS: A total of 930 patients were included; of these, 556 (59.8%) patients survived to discharge and 249 (26.8%) were discharged with good neurologic outcomes. The median time from return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) to the start of TH was 101 (interquartile range (IQR): 46-200) minutes. The induction, maintenance, and rewarming durations were 150 (IQR: 80-267) minutes, 1440 (IQR: 1290-1440) minutes, and 708 (IQR: 420-900) minutes, respectively. The time from the ROSC to coronary angiography was 1,045 (IQR: 121-12,051) hours. Hyperglycemia (46.3%) was the most frequent adverse event. CONCLUSION: Over one quarter of OHCA survivors (26.8%) were discharged with good neurologic outcome. TH performance was managed appropriately in terms of the factors related to the timing of TH, which were the start time for cooling and the rewarming duration.

Normothermic Cardiac Surgery with Warm Blood Cardioplegia in Patient with Cold Agglutinins

Cold agglutinins are predominately immunoglobulin M autoantibodies that react at cold temperatures with surface antigens on the red blood cell. This can lead to hemagglutination at low temperatures, followed by complement fixation and subsequent hemolysis on rewarming. Development of hemagglutination or hemolysis in patients with cold agglutinins is a risk of cardiac surgery under hypothermia. In addition, there is the potential for intracoronary hemagglutination with inadequate distribution of cardioplegic solutions, thrombosis, embolism, ischemia, or infarction. We report a patient with incidentally detected cold agglutinin who underwent normothermic cardiac surgery with warm blood cardioplegia.

Comparison of two fluid warming devices for maintaining body core temperature during living donor liver transplantation: Level 1 H-1000 vs. Fluid Management System 2000 / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Rapid fluid warming has been a cardinal measure to maintain normothermia during fluid resuscitation of hypovolemic patients. A previous laboratory simulation study with different fluid infusion rates showed that a fluid warmer using magnetic induction is superior to a warmer using countercurrent heat exchange. We tested whether the simulation-based result is translated into the clinical liver transplantation. METHODS: Two hundred twenty recipients who underwent living donor liver transplantation between April 2009 and October 2011 were initially screened. Seventeen recipients given a magnetic induction warmer (FMS2000) were matched 1 : 1 with those given a countercurrent heat exchange warmer (Level-1 H-1000) based on propensity score. Matched variables included age, gender, body mass index, model for end-stage liver disease score, graft size and time under anesthesia. Core temperatures were taken at predetermined time points. RESULTS: Level-1 and FMS groups had comparable core temperature throughout the surgery from skin incision, the beginning/end of the anhepatic phase to skin closure. (P = 0.165, repeated measures ANOVA). The degree of core temperature changes within the dissection, anhepatic and postreperfusion phase were also comparable between the two groups. The minimum intraoperative core temperature was also comparable (Level 1, 35.6degrees C vs. FMS, 35.4degrees C, P = 0.122). CONCLUSIONS: A countercurrent heat exchange warmer and magnetic induction warmer displayed comparable function regarding the maintenance of core temperature and prevention of hypothermia during living donor liver transplantation. The applicability of the two devices in liver transplantation needs to be evaluated in various populations and clinical settings.

Comparison of two fluid warming devices for maintaining body core temperature during living donor liver transplantation: Level 1 H-1000 vs. Fluid Management System 2000 / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Rapid fluid warming has been a cardinal measure to maintain normothermia during fluid resuscitation of hypovolemic patients. A previous laboratory simulation study with different fluid infusion rates showed that a fluid warmer using magnetic induction is superior to a warmer using countercurrent heat exchange. We tested whether the simulation-based result is translated into the clinical liver transplantation. METHODS: Two hundred twenty recipients who underwent living donor liver transplantation between April 2009 and October 2011 were initially screened. Seventeen recipients given a magnetic induction warmer (FMS2000) were matched 1 : 1 with those given a countercurrent heat exchange warmer (Level-1 H-1000) based on propensity score. Matched variables included age, gender, body mass index, model for end-stage liver disease score, graft size and time under anesthesia. Core temperatures were taken at predetermined time points. RESULTS: Level-1 and FMS groups had comparable core temperature throughout the surgery from skin incision, the beginning/end of the anhepatic phase to skin closure. (P = 0.165, repeated measures ANOVA). The degree of core temperature changes within the dissection, anhepatic and postreperfusion phase were also comparable between the two groups. The minimum intraoperative core temperature was also comparable (Level 1, 35.6degrees C vs. FMS, 35.4degrees C, P = 0.122). CONCLUSIONS: A countercurrent heat exchange warmer and magnetic induction warmer displayed comparable function regarding the maintenance of core temperature and prevention of hypothermia during living donor liver transplantation. The applicability of the two devices in liver transplantation needs to be evaluated in various populations and clinical settings.

Hypothermia-induced acute kidney injury in an elderly patient

Hypothermia, defined as an unintentional decline in the core body temperature to below 35degrees C, is a life-threatening condition. Patients with malnutrition and diabetes mellitus as well as those of advanced age are at high risk for accidental hypothermia. Due to the high mortality rates of accidental hypothermia, proper management is critical for the wellbeing of patients. Accidental hypothermia was reported to be associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) in over 40% of cases. Although the pathogenesis remains to be elucidated, vasoconstriction and ischemia in the kidney were considered to be the main mechanisms involved. Cases of AKI associated with hypothermia have been reported worldwide, but there have been few reports of hypothermia-induced AKI in Korea. Here, we present a case of hypothermia-induced AKI that was treated successfully with rewarming and supportive care.

Há risco de êmbolos durante a infusão com o uso de aquecedores com linhas de aquecimento de sangue e líquidos? / Is there risk of emboli during Infusion with Line type blood-liquid warmers? / ¿Existen riesgos de émbolos durante la infusión con el uso de calentadores con líneas de calentamiento de sangre y líquidos?

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os aquecedores de sangue e de líquidos que aquecem em linha são amplamente usados por causa do baixo custo, do uso prático e porque não dependem de equipamentos. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a formação de bolhas em dois aquecedores tipo linha com duas formas de aquecimento diferentes. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Dois grupos foram designados às marcas de aquecedores de sangue e líquidos: S-line e Astoflo®. Com o uso de 10 conjuntos de soro para cada grupo (n = 20), 1.000 mL de solução NaCl a 9% foram infundidos a 350 mL.hora-1 durante uma hora na sala de operação. As seguintes temperaturas foram mensuradas: das partes proximal, intermediária e distal das linhas; do ambiente de ensaio; do líquido usado e do líquido ao atingir a cânula após o aquecimento. O tempo para a formação visível de bolhas foi registrado. Os achados foram estatisticamente comparados com o uso do teste-U de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação às temperaturas proximal, intermediária e distal das partes das linhas; do ambiente do estudo; do líquido usado e do líquido ao atingir a cânula (p > 0,05). Bolhas foram observadas nos dois aquecedores e o tempo para a formação de bolhas foi semelhante nos dois grupos de estudo (p = 0,143). CONCLUSÕES: No cenário experimental, criamos condições semelhantes ao nosso ambiente clínico. Ambos os tipos de aquecedores forneceram níveis de aquecimento semelhantes e formaram bolhas visíveis. Considerando que uma pequena quantidade de êmbolos pode ser fatal em bebês e crianças, a formação de bolhas deve ser seriamente considerada em caso de êmbolos e estudos adicionais devem ser feitos para determinar a quantidade, as razões e os conteúdos da formação de bolhas.

INTRODUCTION: Line type blood-liquid warmers are used widely due to their low expense, practical use and nondependence on sets. We aimed to investigate the relationship of bubbles in line type warmers with two different warming properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two groups were designed with S-line and Astoflo® brand blood-liquid warmers. By using 10 medisets for each group (n = 20), we infused 1,000 mL 0.9% NaCl solutions at 350 mL.hour-1 speed for one hour in the operating room. Temperatures at the proximal, midway and distal parts of lines, temperature of experiment environment, temperature of liquid used and temperature of liquid reaching the cannula after warming were measured. Time to visually observable bubble formation was recorded. We compared findings statistically using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: There were no differences between the groups with respect to temperatures at the proximal, midway and distal parts of lines, temperature of experiment environment, temperature of liquid used and temperature of liquid reaching the cannula (p > 0.05). Bubbles were observed with both warmers and time to bubble formation was similar in the two study groups (p = 0.143). CONCLUSIONS: In the experimental setting, we have designed conditions similar to our clinical environment. Both types of warmers provided similar warming levels and formed visible bubbles. Considering that low amounts of emboli can be fatal in infants and children, bubble formation should be taken seriously into account for emboli and further studies should be carried out to determine the amount, the reasons and the contents of bubble formation.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Los calentadores que poseen un calentamiento en línea de sangre y de líquidos son extensamente usados a causa de su bajo coste, del uso práctico y también porque no dependen de equipos. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar la formación de burbujas en dos calentadores de tipo línea con dos formas de calentamiento diferentes. MATERIALES Y M&EACUTE;TODOS: Dos grupos fueron designados a las marcas de calentadores de sangre y líquidos: S-line y Astoflo®. Con el uso de 10 conjuntos de suero para cada grupo (n = 20), 1.000 mL de solución NaCl al 9% se infundieron a 350 mL.hora-1 durante una hora en quirófano. Las siguientes temperaturas fueron mensuradas: de las partes proximal, intermedia y distal de las líneas; del ambiente de ensayo; del líquido usado y del líquido al alcanzar la bránula después del calentamiento. El tiempo para la formación visible de burbujas fue registrado. Los hallazgos fueron estadísticamente comparados con el uso del test-U de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencias entre los grupos con relación a las temperaturas proximal, intermedia y distal de las partes de las líneas; del ambiente del estudio; del líquido usado y del líquido al alcanzar la bránula (p > 0,05). Burbujas se observaron en los dos calentadores y el tiempo para la formación de burbujas fue similar en los dos grupos de estudio (p = 0,143). CONCLUSIONES: Dentro del escenario experimental, creamos condiciones parecidas a nuestro ambiente clínico. Ambos tipos de calentadores suministraron niveles de calentamiento parecidos y formaron burbujas visibles. Considerando que una pequeña cantidad de émbolos puede ser fatal en bebés y en niños, la formación de burbujas debe ser seriamente considerada en caso de émbolos y estudios adicionales deben ser realizados para determinar la cantidad, las razones y los contenidos de la formación de burbujas.

Rebound Inflammation Associated with Rewarming from Hypothermia in an Endotoxin-Injured Lung / 대한구급학회지

BACKGROUND: Hypothermia is known to suppress inflammation in various experimental and clinical settings. We wanted to investigate how the suppressed inflammation by hypothermia is affected during rewarming. METHODS: Mice were being assigned to normothermia (37degrees C) or hypothermia (32degrees C). After 30 minutes at the assigned temperature, lipopolysaccharide was administered intratracheally. The mice were then randomly grouped and subjected to 4 hours of normothermia (N), 24 hours of normothermia (NN), 4 hours of hypothermia (H), or 4 hours of hypothermia followed by normothermia for the next 20 hours (HN). In another experiment, other HN mice were treated with varying doses of anti-TNF-alpha or anti-IL-1beta antibodies (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 microg/250 microl) immediately prior to rewarming. RESULTS: The neutrophil counts of BAL fluid (x104/ml) were 23.0 +/- 13.1 in the N, 6.4 +/- 3.1 in the H (p = 0.002 vs N), 20.4 +/- 10.2 in the NN, and 49.7 +/- 21.0 in the HN (p = 0.005 vs H; p < 0.001 vs NN). Myeloperoxidase activity of the lung (unit/microg) was 6.7 +/- 2.9, 7.9 +/- 1.9, 17.8 +/- 4.0 (p < 0.001 vs N), and 12.9 +/- 5.9 (p = 0.034 vs H, p = 0.028 vs NN), respectively. Compared with control HN, total WBC and neutrophil counts of mice treated with anti-TNF-alpha antibody or anti-IL-1beta antibody prior to rewarming were lower at all tested doses. The combination of both anti-TNF-alpha or anti-IL-1beta antibodies was not increasingly reducing the neutrophilic sequestration. CONCLUSIONS: Rewarming from induced hypothermia resulted in augmentation of neutrophilic sequestration of endotoxin-injured lung. Treatment with antibodies against TNF-alpha or IL-1beta prevented this rebound of neutrophilic infiltration.

Implementation of Therapeutic Hypothermia after Pediatric Out-of Hospital Cardiac Arrest in One Tertiary Emergency Center / 대한구급학회지

BACKGROUND: Cardiac arrest in infants and children is rare than adults yet, it is critical. The efficacy and feasibility of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest in adults is proved through many studies however, there are few data on pediatric out-of hospital cardiac arrest. We analyzed several variables in pediatric therapeutic hypothermia after out-of hospital cardiac arrest. METHODS: Infants and children (1 to 17 years old), who were admitted to our emergency intensive care units following the return of spontaneous circulation after out-of hospital cardiac arrest from Jan 2008 to Apr 2012, were included in this study. Basal patients' characteristics and variables about therapeutic hypothermia were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of seventy-six patients visited our emergency center after a pediatric cardiac arrest during the study period. Among this, sixty-three patients received pediatric advanced life support, twenty one patients were admitted to intensive care units and nine patients received therapeutic hypothermia. Overall, the survival discharge was 7.9% (5 of 63). Among the admitted patients, 3 patients (14.3%) had a good Cerebral Performance Category (CPC). Two patients received endovascular cooling and seven patients received surface cooling. The mean time from the induction of therapeutic hypothermia to reaching the temperature with in the therapeutic range was 193.9 minutes. There were no critical adverse events during induction, maintenance and the rewarming period of therapeutic hypothermia. CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic hypothermia after pediatric out-of hospital cardiac arrest was performed safely and effectively in one emergency center. The standardized pediatric therapeutic hypothermia protocol should be established in order to be used widely in pediatric intensive care units. Further, larger studies are needed on the subject of pediatric therapeutic hypothermia.